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Adaptive Behavior, Vol. 14, No. 3, 211-221 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/105971230601400306
© 2006 International Society of Adaptive Behavior

How Learning Affects the Evolution of Strong Reciprocity

Juan Pablo Calderón

Roberto Zarama

GISC Grupo Interdisciplinario de Sistemas Complejos,Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

Experiments show that humans cooperate with non-kin, including people they will never meet again, and punish non-cooperators at personal cost. This is called strong reciprocity. It has recently been sug gested, based on evolutionary simulations of an agent-based model inspired by the ultimatum game, that strong reciprocity may arise from individual selection. Ontogenic adaptations were introduced to the model to see how phenotypic plasticity affects the evolution of strong reciprocity. The influence of plasticity is explored by varying the way in which agents adapt. Simulations show that plasticity during an agent's lifetime changes the path of evolution toward interesting behaviors that better approach those observed in humans. As plasticity is increased, the average offers and acceptance threshold also increase.

Key Words: evolution of strong reciprocity • evolution of cooperation • ontogenic adaptations • learning • ultimatum game


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